Extension Methods in C#

Introduction

In this article I would like to introduce one of new C# 3.0 enhancements "Extension Methods" and so on. This feature is available in C # 3.0 compilers and further versions (C# 4.0); this feature is very important for all developers especially if you would like to use the dynamism of the C# enhancements to be taken place in your classes design.

1. Why do we need Extension Methods?
   
   While designing your classes in .NET projects, we used to have siblings classes which do simple operation from its parent classes to add a kind of customization for parents' methods. Suppose that you want to extend int class in .NET by adding a factorial method to it using recursion technique.
   
   One way of thinking is to inherent int class and adds your new method on it and use your new methods in your code, this is a valid solution but let us see what extension methods can provide us.
   
   Using extension methods you can use your new methods as a part of int class in .Net
   
   
   
   In the above screen shot, I wrote the following line of code:
   
   int x = 3;
   x.factorial();
   
   Factorial method becomes a part of int class by implementing factorial method as an extension method in my class without inheriting int class in .NET.
    
2. What's the specification of an extension method?
   
   An extension method is a special kind of static method that allows you to add new methods to existing types without creating derived types.
   
   The extension methods are called as if they were instance methods from the extended type, For example: x is an object from int class and we called it as an instance method in int class.
    
3. How to create my extension method?
   
   Simply, you create your own static method in your class and put this keyword in front the first parameter in this method (the type that will be extended).
   public static class MyMathExtension
       {
           public static int factorial(this int x)
           {
               if (x <= 1) return 1;
               if (x == 2) return 2;
               else
                   return x * factorial(x - 1);
           }
       }
    
4. Complete code for my demo :
   
   namespace ConsoleApplication1
   {
       class Program
       {
           static void Main(string[] args)
           {
               int x = 3;
               Console.WriteLine(x.factorial());
               Console.ReadLine();
           }
       }

       public static class MyMathExtension
       {
           public static int factorial(this int x)
           {
               if (x <= 1) return 1;
               if (x == 2) return 2;
               else
                   return x * factorial(x - 1);
           }
       }
   }

5. General Tips in extension methods usage:
   
   This section is optional reading section for understanding the core idea of extension methods:
   
   
   • This keyword has to be the first parameter in the extension method parameter list.
   • Extension methods are used extensively in C# 3.0 and further version specially for LINQ extensions in C#, for example:
     int[] ints = { 10, 45, 15, 39, 21, 26 };
     var result = ints.OrderBy(g => g);
     Here, order by is a sample for an extension method from an instance of IEnumerable<T> object, the expression inside the parenthesis is a lambda expression.
   • It is important to note that extension methods can't access the private methods in the extended type.
   • If you want to add new methods to a type you don't have the source code for it, the ideal solution is to use and implement extension methods of that type.
   • If you create extension methods that have the same signature methods inside the type you are extending, then the extension methods will never be called.

Conclusion

In this article, I have stated the use and the benefits we will gain by using extension methods in C# which is available starting from C# 3.0 and further versions of C#.

It's important to take care of the tips I have mentioned in the article while you implementing your extension methods.