Functional programming is a programming paradigm that emphasizes the use of pure functions and immutable data. In R, functional programming can be achieved through various principles:First-class functions: In functional programming, functions are treated as first-class citizens, meaning they can be assigned to variables, passed as arguments to other functions, and returned as values from functions. R supports first-class functions, allowing you to create higher-order functions and compose functions easily.Pure functions: A pure function is a function that always produces the same output for the same input and has no side effects. In R, you can create pure functions by avoiding the modification of global variables and using only the input arguments to compute the output.Immutable data: In functional programming, data is treated as immutable, meaning it cannot be modified once created. In R, you can achieve immutability by avoiding in-place modifications of objects and instead creating new objects with the desired changes.Higher-order functions: Higher-order functions are functions that can take other functions as arguments or return functions as results. R supports higher-order functions, allowing you to create functions that operate on other functions, enabling powerful abstractions and code reuse.Recursion: Recursion is a technique where a function calls itself to solve a problem. R supports recursion, allowing you to write elegant and concise code for solving complex problems.