Introduction
Here are some common Angular interview questions and answers typically asked in interviews.
1. What is Angular?
Angular is an open-source, front-end web application framework that allows developers to create dynamic, single-page applications. Google developed it, and a team of developers and community members maintains it.
For a thorough explanation of Angular, look at this detailed article- Introduction to Angular & How to Set Up an Angular Development Environment.
2. What is the difference between AngularJS and Angular?
AngularJS is the older version of Angular, while Angular is the latest version. AngularJS is based on JavaScript, while Angular is based on TypeScript. Angular also uses a component-based architecture, while AngularJS uses a controller-based architecture.
Learn about the key differences between AngularJS and Angular with this informative article- Difference Among AngularJS, Angular 2, Angular 4, And Angular 5
3. What is a component in Angular?
A component is a fundamental building block of an Angular application. It consists of three parts: a template, which defines the component's view, a class, which represents the component's behavior; and a decorator, which provides metadata about the component.
For a detailed explanation of Angular components, take a look at this informative article- Angular Components (With Examples)
4. What is a directive in Angular?
A directive is a way to add behavior to an existing HTML element or create a new one. Directives are defined using the @Directive decorator in Angular.
For a detailed article on directives in Angular, look at this informative article- Angular Directives With Examples.
5. What is a service in Angular, and how is it used?
A service in Angular is a singleton object that provides functionality that can be shared across components. Services can be used to retrieve data from a backend API, provide authentication functionality, or perform other tasks unrelated to a specific component. Services are defined using the @Injectable decorator and can be injected into components and other services.
Find a detailed article about Services in Angular here- Angular Services.
6. What is data binding in Angular?
Data binding is a way to synchronize data between the component and the template in an Angular application. Data binding in Angular connects data from the component to the template and vice versa.
For a thorough explanation of Data binding in Angular, look at this detailed article- Overview Of Data Binding In Angular.
There are four types of data binding in Angular,
- Interpolation- Used to display component properties in the template.
- Property binding- Used to set a property of a DOM element based on a component property.
- Event binding- Used to respond to user actions by triggering a method in the component.
- Two-way binding- Used to keep the component property and the template in sync so that changes are reflected in the other.
7. What is a module in Angular?
A module is a way to organize the components, directives, and services in an Angular application. Modules are defined using the @NgModule decorator in Angular.
8. What is dependency injection in Angular, and how is it used?
Dependency injection is a design pattern used in Angular that allows components and services to depend on other objects without knowing how they are created. Dependencies are injected into components and services using constructor injection, which is a way to declare a dependency as a parameter of the constructor. This makes it easy to replace dependencies with mock objects for testing and improves code maintainability.
9. What is routing in Angular?
Routing is a way to navigate between different components in an Angular application. It allows users to move from one view to another without reloading the entire page.
10. What is lazy loading in Angular, and how is it used?
Lazy loading is a technique used in Angular to load modules and components only when needed. This can improve application performance by reducing the initial load time and decreasing the amount of code that needs to be loaded. Lazy loading is implemented using the loadChildren property in the routing configuration.
11. What are some advantages of using Angular?
Some advantages of using Angular include the following,
- Improved performance and scalability
- Improved code maintainability and readability
- Simplified dependency injection and unit testing
- Easy integration with other libraries and frameworks
- Consistent and structured codebase
12. What are some lifecycle hooks in Angular?
Some lifecycle hooks in Angular include:
- ngOnChanges: Called when an input property changes.
- ngOnInit: Called after the first ngOnChanges.
- ngDoCheck: Called during every change detection run.
- ngOnDestroy: Called just before the component is destroyed.
13. What is Angular CLI?
Angular CLI is a command-line interface tool to create, manage, and deploy Angular projects. It provides pre-configured templates, generators, and other tools to simplify development.
14. What are the advantages of using Angular over other JavaScript frameworks?
Angular has several advantages over other JavaScript frameworks. It provides a clean and organized way to build web applications, is highly customizable, supports two-way data binding, and has a large and active community that provides many support and resources.
15. What is a module in Angular, and how does it work?
A module in Angular is a container for a group of related components, services, directives, and pipes. Modules allow developers to organize their code and provide a way to encapsulate functionality. Modules are defined using the @NgModule decorator and can be imported by other modules.
16. What is the difference between a component and a directive in Angular?
A component is a self-contained, reusable code that controls a part of the UI. It consists of a template, a class, and metadata defining its behavior and properties.
A directive, on the other hand, is a way to add behavior to an existing element. Directives can be used to create custom attributes, modify the behavior of existing elements, and create reusable functionality that can be applied to multiple elements.
17. What is Angular CLI, and what are its benefits?
Angular CLI is a command-line interface tool for creating and managing Angular projects. It provides a set of commands for generating components, services, modules, and other Angular artifacts. The benefits of using Angular CLI include faster development times, standardized project structure, improved code quality, and easier deployment.
18. What is Angular Ivy, and how does it improve performance?
Angular Ivy is the new rendering engine in Angular that was introduced in version 9. Ivy improves performance by reducing the compiled code's size, resulting in faster loading times and better runtime performance. It also improves the developer experience by providing better error messages and improving build times.
19. What is a reactive form in Angular, and how is it used?
A reactive form in Angular is a way to create complex forms that have dynamic behavior and data synchronization. Reactive forms are created using the FormBuilder service and consist of a form group, a collection of form controls bound to data. Reactive forms provide more control and flexibility than template-driven forms and are easier to test.
20. What is a resolver in Angular, and how is it used?
A resolver in Angular is a service that retrieves data before a component is loaded. Resolvers help ensure that data is available before a component is displayed and can improve the user experience. hlpinneleResolvers are defined in the routing configuration and can be used to retrieve data from a backend API or other data sources.
21. What is TypeScript?
TypeScript is a statically typed superset of JavaScript that adds optional static typing, classes, interfaces, and other features to the language. It is used by Angular to enable a more efficient development process and to catch errors at compile time rather than runtime.
22. What is Angular Material?
Angular Material is a UI component library for Angular that provides a set of reusable and customizable UI components, such as buttons, forms, dialog boxes, and icons. It follows Google's Material Design guidelines and provides Angular applications with a consistent and modern look and feels.
23. What are the core features of Angular?
Angular includes a range of core features that make it a powerful framework for building web applications, including:
- A powerful component-based architecture
- Dependency injection for efficient component management
- Template-driven and reactive forms for handling user input
- Routing for navigating between pages
- Observables for handling asynchronous data streams
- Pipes for transforming data in templates
- Internationalization and localization support
- Testing utilities for building robust applications
24: What is RxJS?
RxJS is a library for reactive programming using Observables, which makes it easier to compose asynchronous or event-based code in a functional, declarative style.
25: What is an Observable?
An Observable represents a stream of data or events over time that subscribers can observe. It can emit multiple values, errors, and a completion signal.
26: What are some common operators in RxJS?
There are many operators in RxJS, but some common ones include the following,
- map- transforms each value emitted by an Observable by applying a function to it
- filter- emits only those values from an Observable that pass a predicate test
- switchMap- flattens nested Observables and cancels any previous nested Observable when a new one is emitted
- merge- combines multiple Observables into a single stream of values
- catchError- catches errors in an Observable and returns a new Observable or throws a new error
27. How do you create an Observable?
You can create an Observable using the Observable.create() method, which takes a function that defines how the Observable should emit values over time. Alternatively, you can create an Observable from existing data using the of() method or an event using the fromEvent() method.
28. What is a Subject in RxJS?
A Subject is a type of Observable that can both emit and subscribe to values. It allows you to multicast values to multiple subscribers and is often used to represent a source of events or a shared state.
29. What is the difference between a hot and cold Observable?
An Observable cold emits values only when a subscriber subscribes to it, whereas a hot Observable emits values regardless of whether or not there are any subscribers. Hot Observables are often used for sources of continuous events, such as mouse movements or WebSocket connections.
30. What is an operator function in RxJS?
An operator function is a function that takes an Observable as its input and returns a new Observable that applies some transformation or filtering.