How you are getting data from SQL using SQL Select commands, same how you can use CAML query to retrieve the list data, also filter possible Ex: where condition and limit records. Download free CAML query builder to practice more.

stands for Collaborative Application Markup Language and is an XML-based language that is used in Microsoft Windows SharePoint Services to define sites and lists, including, for example, fields, views, or forms, but CAML is also used to define tables in the Windows SharePoint Services database during site provisioning.

- CAML - also called as Collaborative Application Markup Language is the custom XML language in SharePoint. - It is used to define key objects such as lists, columns, and content types.