Regardin different type of authentications exist in asp.net

i am only familiar with form authentication. so tell me what others authentication scheme exist for mvc project which we can use ?

what is claim based auth ?

claim based auth is 3rd party auth system ?

we can implement in web site like form auth ?

if claim based auth is 3rd party auth then how it is different from open id or open auth system like facebook, google auth provider.

we use membership or identity to validate user and after validation give user permission to access protected pages . so tell me membership or identity is one kind of advance form authentication or is it totally different technology ?

i heard various term regarding authentication like form auth, token auth, identity, membership, open id, open auth, oauth, social login system. i am very much confused about those term. i want to know briefly about them and also like to know how they work and how they are different from each other.

i search google a lot but not getting any right tutorial which explain all above auth related term properly. so i need some one's help who would nice explain all the above terms and also explain how they works and how they are different from each other. also explain when people use which one.

looking for guidance. thanks